Computer hardware is the physical components that make up a computer. Software is the programming that tells those components what to do.
A motherboard is the central hub that connects all other PC hardware. It includes a chipset that works with specific processor generations and relays communication between them and other devices.
Motherboard
The motherboard is the central hub that connects a computer’s functional components. It houses the processor, memory, hard drives, and optical drives as well as expansion slots. It also handles communication between these parts and the computer’s operating system.
Motherboards typically come with USB ports and have space for RAM modules, which are sticks of volatile memory that temporarily store data for quick retrieval. More RAM allows a PC to run multiple programs simultaneously without slowdown.
To keep up with changing technology, the motherboard includes a chipset that works with specific CPU generations. Its function is to relay the data transfers between the CPU and other components. Modern motherboards also have the more flexible UEFI firmware, which streamlines processes like overclocking and adds stylized features.
Processor
The processor (also known as the central processing unit, or CPU) is responsible for most of the basic operations of the computer. This includes translating the code of computer programs into mathematical instructions, moving and copying data, and controlling other components.
The CPU has four primary functions: fetch, decode, execute and write back. The fetch operation retrieves instructions from program memory and the decode operation converts them into signals that control other parts of the CPU.
The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic and logical operations on data, while the address generation unit calculates addresses used by the CPU to access main memory. The CPU also contains cores that act as mini-processors within the chip to handle multiple tasks at once. This increases performance by allowing the CPU to work in parallel.
Memory
A central processor (CPU) works closely with computer memory. This is a volatile storage medium that holds the software applications and data created while the CPU is running, but erases everything when the computer shuts down.
The CPU’s work is facilitated by cache, which is a form of fast memory built into the CPU itself that reduces the amount of time it takes to transfer data into and out of main memory. CPUs also operate best when fitted with identical sets of memory modules, known as DIMMs, that run in “matched channels” to maximize speed.
Today, desktop PCs usually use SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM) in a form factor called DIMM. Laptops tend to use a smaller variant known as SO-DIMM. Both types come in various speeds and capacities.
Graphics Card
The GPU, or Graphics Processing Unit, converts image information sent by the CPU into pixels (the tiny squares that combine to create a picture on your monitor). It also adds lighting and texture. In a fast-paced game, this process occurs 60 to 120 times per second.
The graphics card needs somewhere to store this information and completed pictures, so it uses a block of memory called video RAM. This type of memory typically operates at high speeds and is dual ported, meaning it can be read from and written to at the same time.
There are two types of graphics cards: integrated and discrete. An integrated graphics card is built into the motherboard and cannot be upgraded; you’ll find these in most laptops. A discrete card slips into a slot on the motherboard known as an expansion slot and can be replaced when newer models are released.
Output Devices
Output devices transform processed computer data into formats that can be understood by humans. These devices can take the form of visual displays, audio output or hard copy printouts. They can also cater to individuals with specific needs.
The most common output devices are screen monitors, speakers and printers. The function of a printer is to translate the text and graphics displayed on the screen into a physical format on paper. Screen monitors can display images or text, and are often used for presentations.
The keyboard and mouse are input devices that allow you to type text and use graphical programs. The mouse has a rotating ball that is manipulated with your thumb, fingers or palm. It is commonly used with graphical user interface (GUI) programs to select icons and commands.